Exploring Hyperpersonal Communication in Human-Chatbot Relationship
Abstrak
Manusia semakin beralih ke chatbot AI untuk mendapatkan teman. Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk memahami lebih lanjut perkembangan hubungan antara manusia dan chatbot. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis konten terarah berdasarkan Model Komunikasi Hiperpersonal. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa HCR mengikuti model CMC, namun diperkuat karena asinkronisitas dan anonimitas yang disediakan oleh media. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa lingkaran umpan balik diperkuat karena kurangnya hambatan sosial, menyebabkan siklus tersebut terus meningkat secara berkelanjutan. Kata kunci: Hubungan Manusia-AI, ChatGPT, Model Komunikasi Hiperpersonal, Analisis Konten Terarah
Referensi
Bayer, J. B., Campbell, S. W., & Ling, R. (2016). Connection Cues: Activating the Norms and Habits of Social Connectedness. Communication Theory, 26(2), 128–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/COMT.12090
Bickmore, T. W., Mitchell, S. E., Jack, B. W., Paasche-Orlow, M. K., Pfeifer, L. M., & O’Donnell, J. (2010). Response to a relational agent by hospital patients with depressive symptoms. Interacting with Computers, 22(4), 289–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INTCOM.2009.12.001
Coduto, K. D., Fox, J., & Bayer, J. (2020). Understanding Receiver Effects of the Hyperpersonal Model Using the Imagined Interactions Framework.
Croes, E. A. J., & Antheunis, M. L. (2021). Can we be friends with Mitsuku? A longitudinal study on the process of relationship formation between humans and a social chatbot. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(1), 279–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520959463/ASSET/A191AFEC-4434-4DF8-A38A-DD5B83BC7108/ASSETS/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1177_0265407520959463-FIG5.JPG
Feaster, J. C. (2010). Expanding the Impression Management Model of Communication Channels: An Information Control Scale. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 16(1), 115–138. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1083-6101.2010.01535.X
Feinstein, A. R., & Cicchetti, D. V. (1990). High agreement but low kappa: I. The problems of two paradoxes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 43(6), 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(90)90158-L
Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
Kim, A., Cho, M., Ahn, J., & Sung, Y. (2019). Effects of Gender and Relationship Type on the Response to Artificial Intelligence. Https://Home.Liebertpub.Com/Cyber, 22(4), 249–253. https://doi.org/10.1089/CYBER.2018.0581
Kim, Y., & Baek, Y. M. (2014). When is selective self-presentation effective? An investigation of the moderation effects of “self-esteem” and “social trust.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(11), 697–701. https://doi.org/10.1089/CYBER.2014.0321,
Laksmidewi, D., Efendi, & Wong, C. H. (2024). Determinants of consumers’ emotions and willingness to use artificial intelligence in Indonesia. Innovative Marketing, 20(4), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.21511/IM.20(4).2024.22
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159. https://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
Lea, M., & Spears, R. (1991). Computer-mediated communication, de-individuation and group decision-making. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 34(2), 283–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7373(91)90045-9
Mascheroni, G., & Vincent, J. (2016). Perpetual contact as a communicative affordance: Opportunities, constraints, and emotions. Mobile Media & Communication, 4(3), 310–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157916639347
Menon, D., & Shilpa, K. (2023). “Chatting with ChatGPT”: Analyzing the factors influencing users’ intention to Use the Open AI’s ChatGPT using the UTAUT model. Heliyon, 9(11), e20962. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2023.E20962
Pham, D., Van Der Heide, B., Zhang, Y., Earle, K., Rathjens, B., Ulusoy, E., Mason, A., & Bredland, A. (2024). Testing the Effect of Sending an Evaluative Message on Perceiving Others in Computer-Mediated Communication. Media Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2024.2418641
Polyportis, A., & Pahos, N. (2025). Understanding students’ adoption of the ChatGPT chatbot in higher education: the role of anthropomorphism, trust, design novelty and institutional policy. Behaviour & Information Technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2317364
Prakash, A. V., & Das, S. (2020). Intelligent Conversational Agents in Mental Healthcare Services: A Thematic Analysis of User Perceptions. Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 12(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.17705/1pais.12201
Ramadan, Z. B. (2021). “Alexafying” shoppers: The examination of Amazon’s captive relationship strategy. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 62, 102610. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JRETCONSER.2021.102610
Ramadan, Z., F. Farah, M., & El Essrawi, L. (2021). From Amazon.com to Amazon.love: How Alexa is redefining companionship and interdependence for people with special needs. Psychology and Marketing, 38(4), 596–609. https://doi.org/10.1002/MAR.21441
Rizky, Z., Firdausi, I., Chairunnisa, S., & Hasfi, A. (2024). ANALISIS FAKTOR PENGGUNAAN CHARACTER.AI DI KALANGAN MAHASISWA DENGAN METODE UTAUT. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Dan Sistem Informasi, 4(1), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.33005/SITASI.V4I1.801
Roose, K. (2024). Can AI Be Blamed for Teenage’s Suicide? New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/23/technology/characterai-lawsuit-teen-suicide.html
Skjuve, M., Følstad, A., Fostervold, K. I., & Brandtzaeg, P. B. (2021). My Chatbot Companion - a Study of Human-Chatbot Relationships. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102601
Skjuve, M., Følstad, A., Fostervold, K. I., & Brandtzaeg, P. B. (2022). A longitudinal study of human–chatbot relationships. International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 168. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHCS.2022.102903
Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(9), 656–666. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.656
Sundar, S. S., Jung, E. H., Waddell, T. F., & Kim, K. J. (2017). Cheery companions or serious assistants? Role and demeanor congruity as predictors of robot attraction and use intentions among senior citizens. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 97, 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHCS.2016.08.006
Tiku, N. (2024, December). An AI companion suggested he kill his parents. Now his mom is suing. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2024/12/10/character-ai-lawsuit-teen-kill-parents-texas/
Valtolina, S., & Hu, L. (2021). Charlie: A chatbot to improve the elderly quality of life and to make them more active to fight their sense of loneliness. Proceedings of the 14th Biannual Conference of the Italian SIGCHI Chapter (CHItaly ’21). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/3464385.3464726
Walther, J. (1996). CMC - impersonal, interpersonal dan hyperpersonal interaction. In Communication Research (Vol. 23, Issue 1, pp. 3–43). https://doi.org/10.1177/009365096023001001
Walther, J. B. (1992). Interpersonal Effects in Computer-Mediated Interaction: A Relational Perspective. Communication Research, 19(1), 52–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365092019001003
Walther, J. B. (2011). (PDF) Theories of computer-mediated communication and interpersonal relations. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Interpersonal Communication (Fourth Edi). Sage Publications Inc. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285323169_Theories_of_computer-mediated_communication_and_interpersonal_relations
Weizenbaum, J. (1976). Computer power and human reason: From judgment to calculation. W.H. Freeman & CO.
Xie, T., & Pentina, I. (2022). Attachment Theory as a Framework to Understand Relationships with Social Chatbots: A Case Study of Replika. Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2022-January, 2046–2055. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2022.258
Xie, T., Pentina, I., & Hancock, T. (2023). Friend, mentor, lover: does chatbot engagement lead to psychological dependence? Journal of Service Management, 34(4), 806–828. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-02-2022-0072
