Perancangan dan Implementasi Sistem Estimasi Sebaran NPK Tanah Menggunakan Metode Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)
Abstrak
Kesuburan tanah merupakan faktor penting dalam menentukan produktivitas pertanian yang sangat dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan unsur hara makro Nitrogen (N), Fosfor (P), dan Kalium (K). Namun, kandungan NPK tanah bersifat tidak homogen secara spasial sehingga pengukuran satu titik tidak cukup untuk merepresentasikan kondisi lahan secara menyeluruh. Penelitian ini merancang dan mengimplementasikan sistem estimasi sebaran NPK tanah berbasis Internet of Things (IoT) dengan pendekatan pengukuran multi-titik dan metode interpolasi Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW). Sistem dikembangkan menggunakan sensor NPK digital, mikrokontroler ESP32, dan modul GPS untuk mengakuisisi data unsur hara tanah serta koordinat lokasi pengukuran secara real time, kemudian data dikirimkan ke server berbasis cloud dan divisualisasikan melalui aplikasi mobile. Pengujian sistem dilakukan pada lima lahan dengan karakteristik lingkungan yang berbeda di Bandung Techno Park dengan jarak antar titik pengukuran tetap sebesar 2 meter. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem mampu beroperasi secara stabil dan menghasilkan data NPK multi-titik yang merepresentasikan variasi spasial unsur hara tanah. Estimasi sebaran NPK menggunakan metode IDW mampu membentuk peta distribusi unsur hara yang halus dan informatif, serta menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan titik pengukuran berpengaruh terhadap tingkat detail peta sebaran. Sistem yang dikembangkan berpotensi mendukung pemantauan kesuburan tanah dan pengambilan keputusan pemupukan secara lebih presisi.
Kata kunci— NPK, IDW, pengukuran multi titik, kesuburan tanah
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